What Is a Primary Residence? (And What It’s Not)
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- Richard Haddad Executive EditorCloseRichard Haddad Executive Editor
Richard Haddad is the executive editor of HomeLight.com. He works with an experienced content team that oversees the company’s blog featuring in-depth articles about the home buying and selling process, homeownership news, home care and design tips, and related real estate trends. Previously, he served as an editor and content producer for World Company, Gannett, and Western News & Info, where he also served as news director and director of internet operations.
When buying a home, how the property is classified has a big impact on your finances. The home you choose as your primary residence comes with certain tax benefits and mortgage rates that might save you a lot of money over time. However, misclassifying your home could end up costing you, so it’s important to know the difference.
In this guide, we’ll explain how homes are classified, what qualifies as a primary residence, and the financial implications for homeowners. Understanding these details can help you make more informed decisions and avoid costly oversights, whether you’re buying, refinancing, or selling.
Editor’s note: This post is for educational purposes and is not intended to be construed as financial or tax advice. HomeLight encourages you to reach out to an advisor.
How are homes classified for taxes and lending?
When it comes to taxes and lending, homes generally fall into one of three classifications: primary (or principal) residence, secondary residence, or investment property. Each classification affects your taxes and mortgage differently.
- Primary residence: This is your main home — the one where you live for the majority of the year. It often comes with the best mortgage rates and some significant tax breaks, like the mortgage interest deduction and capital gains exclusion when you sell.
- Secondary residence: Also known as a vacation home, this is a property you live in part-time. It doesn’t come with all the same tax perks as a primary residence, but you can still deduct mortgage interest (as long as the home isn’t rented out).
- Investment property: This is a home you own to generate rental income or capital gains. Mortgage interest rates tend to be higher for investment properties, and you won’t qualify for the same tax deductions as a primary home.
What qualifies as a primary residence?
For a home to be considered your primary residence, it needs to meet several qualifications that both the IRS and mortgage lenders use to determine eligibility. These rules help clarify whether a home truly serves as your main residence.
Rules that test a primary home
- Time spent in the home: You must live in the home for the majority of the year.
- Address on legal documents: Your primary home is typically the address you use on your tax returns, driver’s license, and voter registration.
- Location of work or school: Living near your place of employment or your children’s school can support your claim of primary residency.
- Utilities and bills: Regular utility usage and payments for services like water, electricity, and internet at the property can show you reside there.
- Proximity to family and community: Living close to where your family or primary social activities take place is also a common indicator.
When buying a primary residence home
Purchasing a home classified as your primary residence can come with several financial benefits that help make homeownership more affordable in the long run. Let’s explore how classifying your home as primary can impact your mortgage rates, taxes, and other costs.
- Lower interest rates: Mortgage lenders typically offer lower interest rates for primary homes compared to second homes or investment properties. This is because lenders view a primary home as less of a risk — since it’s where you live most of the time, you’re more likely to stay on top of payments.
- Eligible for mortgage interest tax deduction: One of the biggest tax perks of owning what the IRS calls a “principal residence” is the ability to deduct the interest you pay on your mortgage. This deduction applies to interest paid on mortgages up to $750,000 (or $1 million if you bought the home before December 15, 2017). Over time, this can add up to significant savings.
- Can have lower property taxes: In many cases, primary residences qualify for lower property tax rates compared to second homes or investment properties. Local governments often offer tax exemptions or reductions, such as homestead exemptions, for primary homes, which can help you save money each year.
- May receive local property tax benefits: Depending on where you live, your primary residence may qualify for additional local property tax benefits, like caps on property tax increases, senior exemptions, or veteran benefits. Check with your local tax assessor’s office to see what’s available.
When refinancing a primary residence home
Refinancing your primary home can also come with financial benefits, especially when it comes to locking in a better mortgage rate or continuing to claim tax deductions.
- Refinance loan interest rate: Similar to purchasing, lenders often offer lower interest rates when you refinance a primary property compared to other types of properties. Refinancing can help you secure a lower monthly mortgage payment or a shorter loan term, which can save you thousands of dollars over the life of the loan.
- Mortgage interest tax deduction: The mortgage interest deduction applies not only when you first purchase your home, but also if you refinance your loan. As long as the mortgage amount doesn’t exceed the tax cap of $750,000, you can continue deducting interest from your taxable income, even after a refinance.
When selling a primary residence home
Selling a home classified as your primary residence offers one of the most substantial tax advantages — capital gains tax exclusions. Here’s how it works.
- Capital gains tax: When you sell a primary residence, you may be able to exclude up to $250,000 of profit from capital gains taxes if you’re single, or up to $500,000 if you’re married and filing jointly. This exclusion is only available for homes classified as a “primary,” and it can save you a significant amount of money if your home has appreciated in value.
- 2-out-of-5-year rule: To qualify for the capital gains exclusion, you must meet the 2-out-of-5-year rule. This means you need to have lived in the home as your main house for at least two of the past five years leading up to the sale. If you meet this requirement, you can exclude up to the maximum amount of capital gains, even if you didn’t live in the home for the full five years.
1031 Exchange: There is an exception to the exclusion above that can allow you to write off the capital gains taxes on an investment property that is not a primary residence. A 1031 exchange allows you to defer paying capital gains taxes when you swap one investment property for another. However, if you convert the property you acquire through a 1031 exchange into your primary home, you won’t qualify for the capital gains tax exclusion if you sell it within five years. To learn more, see our post: 1031 Exchange, Explained.
What is not considered a primary residence?
Not every property you own can be classified as a primary residence, and misclassifying a home can lead to tax penalties or issues with your mortgage. Let’s clarify what types of properties are not considered a primary home.
- Second homes or vacation homes: A second home, whether it’s a vacation property or a part-time residence, doesn’t meet the criteria for a primary classification While you can still enjoy some tax benefits, such as the mortgage interest deduction, second homes don’t qualify for the same lower interest rates or property tax breaks as primary homes.
- Rental or investment properties: If a property is primarily used to generate rental income, it’s considered an investment property, not a primary residence. Even if you occasionally stay at the home, it doesn’t qualify as your primary home if its main purpose is to make money through rent. Investment properties typically come with higher mortgage rates and fewer tax benefits.
- Flipped homes: A home you purchase with the intent to fix up and resell, known as a flip, is also not considered a primary residence. Flipped homes are classified as investment properties, and any profits from selling them will likely be subject to capital gains taxes without the exclusions available to a primary home.
Primary residence FAQs
Is a primary residence the same as a principal residence?
Yes, the terms “primary residence” and “principal residence” are often used interchangeably. Both refer to the main home where you live most of the year and where you intend to reside long-term.
Can a second home be a primary residence?
No, a second home cannot be classified as a primary home if you live in it only part-time. However, if you decide to live in the second home for most of the year and meet the primary residence criteria, you may be able to reclassify it.
What if I rent out my primary residence?
If you rent out your primary home for a short period but still live in it most of the time, it can maintain its primary status. However, renting it out for more than 14 days per year could disqualify you from some of the tax benefits and exclusions you’re eligible to claim.
Can I sublet part of my primary residence?
Yes, you can sublet part of your primary residence (such as a room or basement), and it can still be considered your primary home. Keep in mind, though, that any rental income you earn must be reported on your tax return.
Can I have two primary residences?
No, you can only have one primary residence at a time. Even if you own multiple homes, only the home where you live the majority of the year can be considered your primary home for tax and legal purposes.
Can a married couple have two primary residences?
No, married couples are generally considered to have one primary home between them, even if they own and live in two separate properties. This rule is important for tax benefits, as a couple cannot claim primary residence tax exemptions on two homes simultaneously.
How does the IRS verify my primary residence?
The IRS looks at several factors to determine your primary residence, including where you spend most of your time, the address listed on your tax return and official documents, and your proximity to work, family, and social activities. Utility bills, driver’s licenses, and voter registration records are also considered.
Can I convert an investment property to a primary residence?
Yes, you can convert an investment property into a primary residence, but you’ll need to live in it for at least two years to qualify for the capital gains tax exclusion when you sell. If the property was originally purchased through a 1031 exchange, additional rules may apply.
Looking for a new primary residence?
Whether you’re buying your first home or planning to relocate, finding the right home to classify as your primary residence is key to unlocking financial benefits. From lower mortgage rates to tax savings, the right home can help you build wealth over time.
Need help finding a home that fits your needs? HomeLight can connect you with a top real estate agent in your area who knows the market and can guide you through the buying process.
If you’re buying and selling a home at the same time, check out HomeLight’s modern Buy Before You Sell program, which provides a streamlined, simplified, and more certain process to make your best move. See this short video to learn more.
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